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The Belt‑shaped Alloy Functional Material Surface Defect Dataset was collected in an industrial processing workshop using two line‑scan cameras and lenses to capture upper and lower surface defect images of alloy functional materials. An on‑line coaxial red light source was used. The dataset comprises 2,942 defect images of eight types (pits, peeling, bulging, welds, scratches, notches, indentations, and perforations) at a resolution of 4096 × 2048 pixels.